Greens celebrate steady election success across country despite UKIP protest vote

THE GREEN Party is celebrating steady progress across the country in county and unitary elections, with the party having a new presence on six councils (Warwickshire, 2 councillors; Essex, 2; Surrey 1, Cornwall 1, Devon 1, Kent 1) and numbers doubling on Worcestershire County Council (to two) and Bristol Council (to four).

Green Party leader Natalie Bennett said:  “I would like to thank all those who worked tirelessly on the campaign with huge amounts of energy and commitment. We were encouraged all through the campaign to receive such a good response.

“We started this campaign with the aim of spreading much more widely across the country, winning seats on councils on which we had not previously been represented, and we’ve achieved that aim.”

The Green Party now has 141 principal authority councillors, with a net gain of five councillors from yesterday’s poll.

Natalie added: “One thing that stands out is our strong results in the West Midlands. With our four county councillors, two each on Warwickshire and Worcester, the number of elected Greens in the region has in just three years gone from three councillors on three councils to 19 on seven.

“In Nuneaton (Warwickshire) Cllr Keith Kondakor defeated the Tory council leader, while Cllr Jonathan Chilvers in Leamington Spa took the seat off Labour, and in Bristol Cllr Daniella Radice took a seat from the Lib Dems, demonstrating the breadth of Green Party appeal.

“These were local elections, so there were in many cases local issues  that played a big part in our gains. But across the country strong campaigning on the need to make the minimum wage a living wage,  to abolish zero-hours contracts and to build strong local economies centred on small businesses and cooperatives that provides jobs workers can build a life on have played a big part.

“Communities increasingly realise that out-of-town supermarkets and large chain stores are not profitable additions to town, but instead carve the heart out of town centres and destroy more jobs than they create, providing largely insecure, casualised, low-paid work.”

Natalie added: “Energy and waste policies were also major issues. The need to start a major energy conservation drive – particularly to insulate homes to cut fuel poverty, provide jobs and cut carbon emissions – is obvious, as is the need to provide a secure investment environment for renewable energy, on and off-shore wind and solar, and eventually tidal.

“And Green campaigns against incinerators – a potential millstone around councils’ necks for decades, as well as a waste of valuable resources and destroyer of potential jobs –  also won us many votes.

Natalie concluded: “The Green victories across the country are the product of years of hard work and community campaigning. Our new councillors are embedded in their communities, supported by strong local parties, with a track record of achievement. They will ask the hard questions of council administrations, scrutinise their activities and spending; I know communities beyond their divisions will be glad they elected them.”

Barnet Green says UK could be sustainable industry world leader

We want energy-efficient buses not this gas guzzler

Barnet drivers prefer German cars, judging by the number of BMWs, Audis and Mercedes-Benz gas guzzlers clogging the borough’s streets. But the British car industry is the country’s biggest export earner and, in an article written for the national Green World magazine, Barnet’s Andrew Newby explains how this proves Britain could be a world leader in sustainable growth industries.

Britain’s huge potential for sustainable growth industries

We Greens are constantly calling for the government to scrap nuclear weapons, halt foreign military adventures and invest the money instead in job-creating sustainable industries.
This article sets out to show that there really are a wide range of such opportunities and that British workers have the skills and adaptability to make any new industry a success.
One thing that supporters and critics of the late Margaret Thatcher mostly seemed to agree on was that Britain’s economy was stagnant when she took over.
It’s true that many industries were underperforming but the root causes were bad management and lack of investment, factors that Mrs Thatcher’s period in office accentuated rather than moderated.
A stark example of this is the British car industry which many people, sadly including some Greens, still believe was finished off by Derek ‘Red Robbo’ Robinson and his trades union colleagues.
The reality was that under British ownership, the country’s car factories produced ugly, unreliable vehicles.
As the British companies’ car models ran out of buyers, foreign manufacturers moved in. Their UK operations were so successful that more and more foreign car makers opened plants here and cars are now our biggest export industry. See: http://bit.ly/13GEbGy
Here is a list of the main car makers with factories in the UK today, plus the country where they are based:
US: Ford and General Motors (which owns Vauxhall)
Germany: BMW (Mini and Rolls-Royce cars) and Volkswagen (Bentley)
Japan: Honda, Nissan and Toyota
India: Tata (owns Jaguar and Land Rover)
China: SAIC (owns MG, ie what’s left of the former Rover group)
Malaysia: Proton (owns the Lotus sports car factory in Norfolk)
One lesson for Greens is that the British car industry proves the national workforce has all the skills needed to to turn out high quality and innovative products when properly managed and given the right machinery.
So where would we Greens like those skills to be used? Britain has missed the boat on wind power equipment, where Germany and Danish manufacturers have led the way thanks to government encouragement. And the solar panel market is over-supplied, with prices tumbling.
But Britain still has the chance to be world leader in marine power. Already-established projects like the Shetlands Marine Centre http://bit.ly/10ZDd65 have the potential to make tide and wave power a major British industry if they get proper funding during the time it takes to fully develop the various technologies.
Another sector with untapped opportunities is rubbish disposal. As Greens we certainly don’t want it dumped it in landfill and we are campaigning across the country to halt proposals for more incinerators.
Yes, there is scope for us all to reduce, re-use and recycle a lot more – and the processing of recycled materials has already been turned into profitable businesses.
But the untapped potential is to develop sustainable ways of dealing with the rest of the stuff so that both landfill and incineration can be ended. A plethora of startup organisations are pushing various different processes.
And if every problem is an opportunity, then the desperate shortage of affordable and social housing gives Greens the chance to push for permits to go to enterprises wanting to build well-insulated, energy efficient homes.
Nor should we just reject the motor industry. Of course we don’t want people to carry on driving their polluting petroleum-driven cars. But people will still need transport, whether it is electric cars, buses, trains or just bicycles.
Britain has all the requirements needed for a successful sustainable transport industry.
One positive spinoff from the popularity of motor racing is that the numerous UK-based teams already have plentiful expertise in lightweight engineering.
The second and less encouraging message for Greens from the UK car industry is that its revival has been entirely brought about by foreign owners.

We clearly can’t rely just on overseas investors for the development of all the new industries that Britain needs.
The losses experienced by Danish wind turbine makers Vestas at their Isle of Wight factory, which led them to close it down, shows that even when foreign companies are willing to invest in Britain, they need government encouragement over the long-term.
Unfortunately, the Conservative-LibDem goverment is continuing to shilly-shally over energy policy and its industrial strategy as a whole.
Nevertheless, large numbers of specialists are eager to press on with projects across a wide range of technologies. I know various people marketing what they assure me are ‘sustainable’ waste treatment systems. A couple have full funding – foreign of course – but as yet these two have failed to win permission in Britain even for pilot plants to asses their technology’s value.
So it is essential that we Greens campaign as hard as we can not just for funding to be provided to sustainable technologies but for the government, and also local authorities, to give some official encouragement.
Just like spring flowers after this year’s cold start, a broad swathe of new and exciting sustainable industries can leap up in Britain as soon as they get the right conditions.

Join Barnet Greens on the ‘Barnet Spring’ march

Barnet Greens join the protest to Save the Whittington Hospital

* Join us on the Barnet Spring march this Saturday, 23rd March, in protest against Barnet Council’s £1 billion One Barnet/easyCouncil mass privatisation programme. Barnet Greens will be marching with our famous banner. Green London Assembly member Jenny Jones plans to walk with us all the way and will be a star speaker on our arrival at Friern Barnet Library. Marchers will assemble at Finchley Central Station from around 11.30 am and then set off at 12 noon to parade to Friern Barnet. For more details contact andrewnewby1@gmail.com.

You will be welcome too at:

* Finchley wild garlic harvesting on Sunday, 24th March along the Dollis Valley. Meet at 11 am at West Finchley Station. The harvesting will be led by Gardi Vaswani, who will afterwards give guidance on making wild garlic pancakes and other recipes. Suggested donation: £3 or whatever you can afford. For more details call Gardi on 020 8445 6312.

* The next meeting of Barnet Green Drinks is on Tuesday, 26th March, from 7:30 pm at The Bohemia, North Finchley. Come along to socialise and network with like minded people. Or just enjoy the big range of craft beers. The Green area will be on the right as you go in.

Other upcoming events (more details later):

* Distribution of 60 second questionnaires in our High Barnet target ward from Easter onwards. Volunteers welcome. Sponsored litter collection in High Barnet some time in April. Leafletting in our Coppetts second target ward when we’re ready.

* A big thankyou to the Barnet Greens who joined in last weekend’s march to Save the Whittington Hospital. Picture includes Barnet Greens Gardi Vaswani, holding banner.

You can follow Barnet Greens on @BarnetGreens, AM Poppy on @GreenPartyPoppy, or me on @AndyNewby1.

Stop the £4.7 bn North London Waste privatisation – the battle goes on!

It’s great news that Veolia has withdrawn from the bidding for the North London Waste Authority’s £4.7 billion procurement contracts and it is equally pleasing that the authority has scrapped plans for a huge mechanical bio-treatment plant at Pinkham Way, Friern Barnet. BUT THE FIGHT ISN’T OVER!

NLWA chair Clyde Loakes and his Labour and Tory colleagues on the authority are pressing on with plans to award the two enormous contracts even though there is only one bidder left for each contract.

Torch rally

Barnet Green Party says ‘Stop the £4.7 billion privatisation of North London waste services’

Even worse, no-one has any idea what the winning bidders will have to do to earn their money, as the whole North London Waste plan is being rewriiten from scratch by the authority’s seven member boroughs – a process that will take many months.

The only sensible option is for the authority to halt the privatisation of its operations – which would be a much bigger privatisation even than Barnet’s massive and disastrous ‘One Barnet’ project.

The NLWA should keep its operations in house, as they are at present, making it much easier and more affordable for the authority to develop new small scale waste facilities as and when they are needed instead of committing themselves to paying out billions to foreign corporations.

It would also enable the authority to invest in the increasing number of credible options to incineration and landfill. See the two previous posts for the 25 many continuing objections to awarding the procurement contracts.

We’ve already won two big battles. Now help us fight the biggest battle: STOP THE NORTH LONDON WASTE PRIVATISATION

 

 

 

 

 

 

Help us oppose the £4.7 billion waste contracts

Waste bins at a Whetstone home

Barnet Green Party calls on all local residents to contact their three ward councillors urgently to ask them to demand that Barnet Council opposes plans to privatise waste management across North London even though an inquiry inspector has rejected the entire North London Waste Plan.

The North London Waste Authority is proposing on 6th December to award two 30-year contracts together worth £4.7 billion pounds to carry out services which are currently done in house.

Inspector Andrew Mead halted a public inquiry and threw out the whole waste plan on the grounds it proposed continuing to dump rubbish in landfill outside London without the permission of the local authorities affected.

The main component of the plan is a proposal for a massive rubbish handling plant at Pinkham Way, Friern Barnet, which would blight the lives of upwards of 20,000 people. Approval of the outsourcing contracts would make it much harder to stop the Pinkham Way plant going ahead.

There are many other reasons at least to delay the contracts. The 24th and 25th are below in this post. The other 23 are in the previous post.

So please contact your councillors now and tell them the contracts should be scrapped or at least delayed! Thanks!

24/ The £4.7 billion NLWA procurement contracts are the biggest privatisation or ‘outsourcing’ of them all. Barnet has already decided that it is better financially to operate waste and recycling services in house and this could apply seven times over to the NLWA contracts.

This Brent Council document: http://democracy.brent.gov.uk/documents/s12323/ens-reyclate.pdf shows that Harrow council make money from operating their waste and recycling services in house and equally importantly it shows that Brent is prevented from doing the same by an unbreakable contract with none other than Veolia.
25/ From its experience with Barnet Homes maintenance contractors going bust, Barnet Council already knows that guarantees provided by outsourcing contractors are of no value when the company goes broke. Again, this applies seven times over to Veolia, which is in a highly precarious financial position.

Veolia’s share price has dropped below 8 euros — compared with above 60 euros five years ago — while debt has risen to above 15 billion euros as of 30th September:
https://europeanequities.nyx.com/fr/products/equities/FR0000124141-XPAR/quotes
Veolia’s market capitalisation has plunged to 3.85 billion euros, meaning its debt is four times as much as its shareholders’ equity, an extremely high and unsustainable level. This is equivalent to having a mortgage for four times the value of your house. If Veolia were wound up today, shareholders would get nothing and bondholders and other creditors would be lucky to get 25 pence in the pound (or 25 centimes in the euro…).
Worse than that, Veolia is facing a major lawsuit from state controlled power company EDF:
http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/10/26/veolia-edf-dalkia-idUKL5E8LQ84020121026

This appears to be part of a damaging ongoing feud between the two companies, which has included an attempted Veolia boardroom coup and the resignation of two Veolia directors.
And in case you think the other procurement contract bidders, FCC Skanska and Eon Wheelabrator are any safer, have a look at this BBC report about E.ON:
See previous posting for the other 23 objections to the award of the contracts. And if some of them make you say “this can’t be true”, feel free to investigate the facts for yourself.

23 reasons to halt the multi-billion pounds North London Waste Plan contracts

The Green’s Darren Johnson visits the Pinkham Way area

The Labour and Conservative councillors from seven North London boroughs who form the North London Waste Authority are scheduled to vote in December on two multi-billion pound procurement contracts, one for waste management services and one for incinerating the proposed bricquettes made from waste fuel, supposedly to generate electricity.

These contracts will govern the disposal of waste from North London over the next 25 years and it is vital to get them right.

We have surprised even ourselves by identifying no fewer than 23 reasons why the award of these contracts should be postponed for further consideration or better still both bids for each of the contracts should be rejected and new bids sought under revised terms. Failure to take these reasons into account would certainly lead to expensive problems for the authority and probably lead to expensive litigation. Reasons are grouped under letters A, B, etc and listed individually as numbers 1, 2 etc.

A/ The whole of the £4.7 billion North London Waste Plan is in disarray after inspector Andrew Mead halted the public inquiry and told the authority to start again. The plan will have to be substantially revised and therefore the contracts will have to be revised at some point, so why award them now? Reasons for delay/rejection below. It would be much better not to award the contracts at all until the final structure of the plan is clearer.
A-1/ Whatever authority chair Clyde Loakes may say, Mr Mead’s reasons for halting the inquiry were far from being purely “technical”. He upheld the objections because the plan foresees the continued dumping of rubbish in landfill in rural areas outside Greater London up to 2020 and beyond. The authority has admitted that this is no longer “an option” so the plan will have to be revised to find an alternative way of handling that rubbish. This is certain to impact on both the contracts the authority proposes to award.
A-2/ The authority withdrew its planning application for a 300,000 tonnes a year MBT (mechanical bio-treatment) plant at Pinkham Way, Friern Barnet, after Haringey Council indicated it didn’t like it. Given the strong local opposition by the 20,000 local residents whose lives would be blighted by the plant (full details below), the Pinkham Way proposal will have to be substantially altered before it is likely to be acceptable to Haringey Council, especially in the light of the council elections coming up in 2014. Whatever the changes, are they are certain to impact on both the proposed procurement contracts.
A-3/ As the public inquiry never took place, there was no chance for further problems with the plan to be identified. These may only come to light at a potential public inquiry into the revised plan, requiring further amendments to the plan and therefore to the procurement contracts.

B-4/ In the light of the fiasco over the West Coast Mainline rail contract, the authority ought to comprehensively review its invitations to bid and urgently review the bids themselves to ensure that the financial terms of the contracts would be as beneficial as they could be to the authority and the residents of North London. Independent expertise should be sought. This may take some time so the award of the two contracts should be delayed at least until the experts are satisfied the terms of the proposed contracts would be beneficial.

C/ The terms of both of the invitations to bid and of the two remaining bids for each contract (ie four bids altogether) contain HUGE UNCERTAINTIES. Both bids for the fuel contract also contain a promise which is DEFINITELY IMPOSSIBLE to carry out. Veolia’s bid for the fuel contract contains a BLATANT CONFLICT OF INTEREST.
C-5/ Both bidders for the fuel contract — Veolia and EOn/Wheelabrator — say they will transport the bricquettes to their (distant) incinerators by rail, but the North London Waste Plan itself admits there is NO POSSIBILITY of rail transport from the main proposed waste handling site, ie Pinkham Way, as the nearby railway is a main line and in any case the elevation of the line would making loading very difficult. The impossibility of rail transport for the briquettes would therefore be certain to mean even more road journeys into and out of Pinkham Way on top of the predicted 560 trips per day by dust carts and other vehicles to and from the site along already congested roads. The contracts should not be awarded until this problem has been resolved.
C-6/ Both bidders for the fuel contract plan to transport the bricquettes to incinerator sites outside London, in one case to Kent and in one case to Hertfordshire. Not only is this morally unacceptable, as it is exporting the problem just like exporting London rubbish, but could well spark fresh legal action when residents in those locations discover they are being asked to burn London rubbish.
C-7/ Veolia’s proposed incinerator does not yet have planning permission. Given the controversy over incinerators all over England (plenty of examples available on request) there is a strong chance that it could be rejected by local authorities or subjected to major delays. [Sadly, it seems Eon Wheelabrator's incinerator has received planning permission]
C-8/ The contract terms for the waste services bids talk of waste handling plants at Pinkham Way, Edmonton, and Geron Way near Brent Cross, yet people living near Geron Way have been COMPLETELY UNAWARE that there is any live plan for waste handling at Geron Way. In fact is there a live plan? Barnet Council itself has recently submitted a planning application for homes nearby as part of a commercial and residential development. If there is a plan, what are the details? If there is no plan then the contracts would need amendment to remove the Geron Way option. Either way, the waste services contract would need amendment.
C-9/ Veolia’s bid for the fuel contract creates a MAJOR CONFLICT OF INTEREST as not only is it also a bidder for the waste services contract but it operates the rubbish collection and recycling services in some of the seven boroughs. Incineration of rubbish for electricity can be highly profitable so it would be in Veolia’s financial interest to maximise the amount of rubbish sent for incineration, minimise recycling and minimise efforts to reduce the total amount of household arisings. This would be in conflict with the authority’s own aims, never mind Londonwide or national targets and IF ONLY FOR THIS REASON ALONE Veolia’s fuel contract bid should be rejected.
C-10/ Veolia admits that its reputation has been damaged by its participation in development of a light railway across Palestinian land in contravention of international law and UN regulations. The fact that it took part in such a controversial project shows that there are questions about the standard of corporate governance at the company. Veolia should be disqualified from both contracts.

 

D-11/ There are unresolved disputes between the NLWA and the member councils about the terms of reference of the contracts. In particular, some councils reject the proposal that the NLWA’s waste services contractor should take over the running of local authority community recycling centres. Barnet Council has reaffirmed that it wants to retain control of its large and popular Summers Lane recycling centre. The waste services contract needs to be amended to take this into account.

 

E/ Technology has moved on since the North London Waste Plan was drawn up and also the number of reported problems caused by incinerators has mushroomed. The terms of the contracts need to be updated to minimise incineration and

E-12 to maximise alternatives, notably biomass/anaerobic digestion/pyrolysis and

E-13 step up the reduction, re-use and recycling of waste materials, for which there is considerable scope in the light of 80 and 90 pct recycling rates achieved by many cities across Europe. See Barnet Green Party’s list of 38 ways in which the NLWA and boroughs could improve reduction, re-use and recycling.

These changes could also benefit the financial terms of the contracts.

F-14/ The cost implications of the contracts are uncertain after the government turned down the North London Waste Plan for Private Finance Initiative Funding. The public needs to know how major capital spending programmes such as Pinkham Way would be funded before operating contracts are issued.

 

G-15/ The short-listed bidders are all foreign: Veolia (French), FCC Skanska (Spanish and Swedish) and Eon/Wheelabrator (German and American). The contracts should be delayed while investigations are made into whether the terms of reference favoured foreign companies and whether British companies or consortia would be interested in bidding under revised terms given the likelihood of changes to the contracts (as described above).

 

H/ Pinkham Way objections. As mentioned above, the plan for a 300,000 tonnes a year Mechanical Bio-Treatment Plant at Pinkham Way, Friern Barnet, should be abandoned for the following reasons:

H-16/ The NLWA’s own projections show that a plant on that scale is not needed within the current NLWP proposals. The NLWP projects a steady rise in household waste arisings although arisings have been falling across the NLWA area as they have across the country. This could lead to waste having to trucked in from other boroughs in order to fulfill operating contracts.

H-17/ The site is as unsuitable as it is possible to be because of its proximity to the homes of upwards of 20,000 people. Their lives would be blighted by the pollution, smells and noise the plant would be likely to emit in the same way as most other waste handling plants do across the world, whatever their operators may promise.

H-18/ The site has been empty for many years and is recognised in the NLWP as an important wildlife area, something in very short supply in North London. Surveys have identified many species of plants, animals and birds living on the Pinkham Way site.

H-19/ The roads around the site are unsuitable for the projected 500 or so journeys per day by dustcarts into and out of Pinkham Way, likely to add to the noise and pollution impact on the people living nearby as well as causing congestion and delays.

H-20/ The site is adjacent to the congested North Circular road, adding further traffic to that busy road.

H-21/ Traffic delays are frequent on the North Circular and whenever one occurred it would prevent refuse vehicles getting to and from the Pinkham Way plant, hindering production at the plant and adding yet further to the congestion, pollution and noise caused by the plant.

H-22/ There are fears the plant would cause ground water pollution. This would need proper research before any plant is built.

H-23/ The scale of the proposed plant as submitted to Haringey Council would make it a visual eyesore in an area with few other large buildings. This on its own could affect the image and character of the district, potentially having a negative impact on property values.

 

All of the information used in this document comes from the North London Waste Plan, the NLWA website or other public sources. I will post references in an update setting out where all the information can be found.

 

Barnet Green Party’s 38 proposals for stepping up reduction, re-use and recycling of waste materials in the NLWA are available at:

www.barnetgreenparty.co.uk/38-reasons-we-dont-need-the-pinkham-way-waste-handling-plant/

Sign the petition to stop the £1 billion ‘One Barnet’ privatisation programme

The 21st August Torch Parade through Finchley to oppose Barnet Council’s £1 billion ‘One Barnet’ mass privatisation programme

Please sign the petition to stop the borough council’s £1 billion ‘One Barnet’ mass privatisation programme.

Just follow this link:  Stop One Barnet

We, residents of Barnet, are alarmed at the council’s plan known as the ‘One Barnet’ or ‘easyCouncil’ programme, to hand over our public services to private for-profit companies. We call for an immediate stop to these measures until the issue is put to the electorate in the form of a simple YES or NO referendum on the One Barnet programme.

We want a better Barnet. After all, it’s our borough! And it is our taxes that are spent on paying for services. We don’t believe that One Barnet will save money or deliver better services.

For more about the many alternatives go to: Alternatives to One Barnet programme of privatisation

Hiroshima & Nagasaki remembrance ceremony on Saturday

Peace campaigner Gardi Vaswani

 

Join us on Saturday at Gardi Vaswani’s annual Hiroshima & Nagasaki remembrance ceremony at Victoria Park, in Ballards Lane, Finchley Central.

The remembrance ceremony will begin at 11am by the Commemorative Cherry Tree.

“Please bring a poem, song, memory or thought to share,” says Gardi.

The ceremony commemorates the dropping of nuclear bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.

Hundreds march against council’s £1 bln ‘One Barnet’ privatisation plan

Hundreds of angry Barney workers and residents, including many local Green Party members, joined a Torch Parade through Finchley to oppose Barnet Council’s £1 billion ‘One Barnet’ privatisation plan which all the available evidence shows will create chaos across the borough without achieving the targeted savings. Here are some pictures:



 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Greens building on election showing

Andrew Newby

This letter appeared in Barnet Press this week, written by Andrew Newby, Chair of Barnet Green Party:

GREENS A VIABLE ALTERNATIVE

My fury at Brian Coleman and his slogan of “roads, roads, roads” was  what spurred me to join the Green Party in 2005.

Therefore I am as pleased as anyone to see him voted off the London Assembly.

However, detailed figures released last week from the London election results highlight another significant development.

Within Barnet, just like in London as a whole, the Greens beat the Liberal Democrats in all three key votes: Mayoral election first choices, the Londonwide party ballot and the Barnet & Camden constituency.

We are starting work straight away to look towards the Barnet Council elections in 2014, when voting Green will clearly be the best alternative for the many local people who are unhappy with both the Conservatives and Labour.

Our focus will be on jobs, housing and fighting crime, as well as campaigning on key local issues like battling the One Barnet privatisation programme and stopping the proposed Pinkham Way waste plant that has been backed up to now by the Labour and Conservative councillors who sit on the North London Waste Authority.

Join us now and help us try to make sure that Barnet is a welcoming and pleasant place to live, where the powers that be listen to what their electors have to say, treat all people decently and show respect to the environment.